latvia climate type
Category : Uncategorized
The autumn is also hunting season, when a great variety of game can be hunted in throughout the country. They are best viewed in Dobele, at the garden created by the acclaimed plant breeder Peteris Upitis. During a walk in a forest, one can enjoy the silence of the forest while picking berries and mushrooms, to later prepare them and serve them for a tasty meal. The Köppen-Geiger climate classification is Dfb. Travellers visiting Latvia can enjoy a real winter with subzero temperatures and snow, spring floods, warm summers, and colourful autumns. A; Ādaži; Aglona; Aizpute; Aloja; Alūksne; B; Baldone; Baltinava; Bauska; Brocēni; C; Carnika Even most of the field crops, such as barley, oats, and potatoes, are grown for animal feed. According to Köppen and Geiger, this climate is classified as Dfb. Continuous snow cover in Latvia lasts on average around 82 days, with an average of 177 frost-free days a year. Here, the climate is cold and temperate. The population density is lower than in much of Europe and large parts of Latvia are covered by forests and agricultural pastures. In general, the climate of the country is quite rigid and precipitation are rather scarce. Latvia. Climate information for Latvia including average temperature, rain and snowfall totals. About 653 mm | 25.7 inch of precipitation falls annually. The climate here is classified as Dfb by the Köppen-Geiger system. There is significant rainfall throughout the year in Liepāja. The climate of the Lithuania can be described as typical European continental influenced climate with warm, dry summers and fairly severe winters. Find the best time to visit Latvia. The project highlighted 5 sectors that are most affected by climate change - health, water resources and infrastructure, building industry and real estate, biodiversity and forestry. Latvia, a Baltic state in Europe lies along the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea and covers an area of 4,589 sq. The closer it is to Baltic Sea the warmest it is. Continuous snow cover lasts eighty-two days, and the frost-free period lasts 177 days. The is a great deal of rainfall in Ventspils, even in the driest month. This phenomenon has been reported to have increased the global average surface temperature by 0.6±0.2 C (IPCC 2001), whose increase may be responsible for… The average annual temperature in Liepāja is 6.8 °C | 44.2 °F. The temperature here averages 6.4 °C | 43.5 °F. Classifications. Latvia - Weather and Climate - Current conditions, detailed weather forecast and climate information for all cities and towns. Typical winter temperatures in Latvia don’t require residents to huddle under their duvets and stay at home all day. The climate of Latvia is a temperate mixed between the maritime and continental, coastal areas have a warmer climate, while the influence of the sea is considerably attenuated in the inner regions. Riga Jūrmala Most popular destinations in Latvia. Ventspils The project, “Climate change in Latvia”, sought to provide creative and diverse information about the effects of climate change on Latvian society. The average annual temperature is 6.4 °C | 43.4 °F in Riga. Ice fishing is a popular pastime in Latvia during the winter. Regarding all type of adaptation knowledge exchange and capacity building Latvian experts have met with colleagues from different European countries in many workshops and discussions. This location is classified as Dfb by Köppen and Geiger. Latvia, which was occupied and annexed by the U.S.S.R. in June 1940, declared its independence on August 21, 1991. The country fulfilled the Maastricht criteria and joined the Eurozone on January 1, 2014. Latvia, country of northeastern Europe and the middle of the three Baltic states. Air temperature can fluctuate from +5 degrees Celsius all the way down to -30 degrees. Even the driest month still has a lot of rainfall. It rarely gets really warm here and you can safely leave your swimwear at home. There is a city or town festival almost every weekend in one or another part of Latvia. The climate in Latvia widely corresponds to the German weather conditions. In a year, the rainfall is 691 mm | 27.2 inch. During the winter when the weather is cold, sauna going is very popular in Latvia. Type E climates (the coldest) are conventionally separated into tundra (ET) and snow/ice climates (EF). Autumn in Latvia lasts from September to December. The sea freezes over in particularly cold winters, which results in incredible ice sculptures and pressure ridges. Precipitation falls throughout the year with a little more precipitation in autumn. The climate in Latvia is temperate continental. Spring is slightly drier than average. In 1992, ironically, Latvia experienced the driest summer in recorded weather history, but unusually heavy rains in the preceding spring kept crop damage below the extent expected. Mārupe. The average air temperature in the summer is around +19 degrees, but on some days it may rise to +30 degrees. The minimum amount of precipitation is in the period of February and March, when the mean monthly amount of precipitation is 26–39 mm (4). Cēsis Latvia The climate of the Latvia can be described as typical European continental influenced climate with warm, dry summers and fairly severe winters. The climate in Latvia is cold and temperate. Those who wish to see the diversity of Latvian nature in autumn are welcome at Latvia’s nature parks, for instance, visitors to Kemeri National Park can learn about the unique ecosystem of bogs. It is cold, wet and a few beautiful summer months are also happening. The summer in Latvia starts in June and continues until September. 6 ‘Climate’ are defined as follows: to provide contribution of Latvia to prevention of global climate change by taking into account Latvia’s environmental, social and economic interests, and; to promote Latvia’s preparedness for adaptation to CC and its impacts. The average climate figure for Latvia is an 6,9. [47] Climate is the statistics of weather, usually over a 30-year interval. It is possible to see wild animals roaming around if you drive enough around Latvia. Sigulda Factbook > Countries > Latvia > Geography. The People of Latvia Type of Government: parliamentary democracy Languages Spoken: Latvian (official) 58.2%, Russian 37.5%, Lithuanian and other 4.3% (2000 census) Independence: 21 August 1991 (from Soviet Union) National Holiday: Independence Day, 18 November (1918); note - 18 November 1918 is the date Latvia declared itself independent from Soviet Russia; 4 May … Taking in nature while skiing in Latvia is especially interesting on the beaches. In Latvia, the spring may begin already at the end of February or as late as in late April, and the spring season lasts until the beginning of June. Climate change and global warming are among the most important environmental problems today. The average air temperature decreases from +10 degrees in September to 0 degrees in November. There, an average of 180 days per year have precipitation, forty-four days have fog, and only seventy-two days are sunny. Latvia Environment - current issues. Latvia 1. Latvia - Climate data - Climate information and average monthly temperature, humidity, rainfall, snowfall, daylight, sunshine, UV index, and sea temperature for all cities and towns. In the capital city of Riga, the Latvian National Opera and Ballet opens its new season in the autumn. Latvia is a member state of the European Union – the largest single market in the world. Continuously increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide have been recorded for over five decades, resulting in global warming. The winter in Latvia usually lasts from mid-December to the beginning of March. In Latvia, we are proud to partner with one of the most renowned universities in the Baltics – Riga Technical University. The average air temperature decreases from +10 degrees in September to 0 degrees in November.Sometime at the beginning of the autumn, there is an Indian summer when temperatures rise to up to +20 degrees, whereas the first snow may fall already in October or November.During the golden autumn period, foliage turns colourful red, orange, and golden across Latvia. Latvia, a Baltic state in Europe lies along the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea and covers an area of 4,589 sq. Latvia is home to the widest waterfall in Europe: Ventas Rumba, at 110 m (360 ft) wide, though only 2 m high. Classification Count Köppen-Geiger Examples; Warm humid continental climate : 1294: Dfb: Riga, Daugavpils, Liepāja, Jūrmala, Ventspils: Riga. Although there are no high mountains in Latvia, the country has multiple ski slopes where skiers can rent all the skiing equipment they need, as well as hire a skiing coach. The spring, and the autumn as well, is a busy time for bird watchers as flocks of migratory birds fly over Latvia. In Latvia, a flat country overlooking the Baltic Sea, the climate is very cold in winter and mild and quite rainy in summer. A... © Investment and Development Agency of Latvia (LIAA) 2 Perses Street, Riga, LV-1442 Latvia. The latter half of the summer may bring sudden thunderstorms. Climate change is one of the defining issues of our time, posing an urgent and growing threat to our planet. The climate in Daugavpils is cold and temperate. According to Köppen and Geiger, this climate is classified as Dfb. Due to the warmer temperatures the best time for traveling is from May to September. There’s no other way to say this - Latvia in autumn is a magnificent place. The climate is cold and temperate. In the summer, use the opportunity to go on a tour of the Baltic Sea shoreline or have a holiday in the Latvian resort city of Jurmala, known for its white sandy beaches. Daugavpils Type A climates (the warmest) are differentiated on the basis of the seasonality of precipitation: Af (no dry season), Am (short dry season), or Aw (winter dry season). The climate here is classified as Dfb by the Köppen-Geiger system. The project, “Climate change in Latvia”, sought to provide creative and diverse information about the effects of climate change on Latvian society. Due to its flat terrain, Latvia is a great place for cross-country skiing. Often there is a storm in the month of August and in September summer ends. The coastal areas are a bit more temperate, but also more humid and windy, while the eastern area has a slightly more continental climate. Autumn in Latvia lasts from September to December. List of countries - Global Climate data - Climate information and average monthly temperature, humidity, rainfall, snowfall, daylight, sunshine, UV index, and sea temperature for all countries in the world. LATVIA 2. Latvia, country of northeastern Europe and the middle of the three Baltic states. This is true even for the driest month. Jūrmala January is the coldest month with daytime temperatures usually around -5°C , but in some cases winter months can be quite colder with temperatures far below zero, about -20°C or lower and strong, cold northeasterly winds. The weather and climate of Latvia is suitable for a winter sports.. Latvia (/ ˈ l ɑː t v i ə / or / ˈ l æ t v i ə / (); Latvian: Latvija), officially known as the Republic of Latvia (Latvian: Latvijas Republika), is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. The Amata is one of the fastest rivers best suited for boating, while Gauja River is the most popular with boaters. Between June and September, days are pleasantly warm and often sunny. © Climate-Data.org / AM OP / OpenStreetMap contributors. News about Latvia, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times. Latvia Climate & Weather Latvia has a temperate climate. The climate in this region varies widely from subtropical to polar in the high mountains of the Alps and the Pyrenees. Africa Asia Aus & Pacific Europe Latin America N America S America Mid East. Annual rainfall and sn The project highlighted 5 sectors that are most affected by climate change - health, water resources and infrastructure, building industry and real estate, biodiversity and forestry. In July the mercury rises to 25 degrees Celsius (77° Fahrenheit) and higher and it is very pleasant. Which month is the sunniest in Latvia? Latvia - Market OverviewLatvia - Market Overview Discusses key economic indicators and trade statistics, which countries are dominant in the market, the U.S. market share, the political situation if relevant, the top reasons why U.S. companies should consider exporting to this country, and other issues that affect trade, e.g., terrorism, currency devaluations, trade agreements. Environment - current issues: while land, water, and air pollution are evident, Latvia's environment has benefited from a shift to service industries after the country regained independence; improvements have occurred in drinking water quality, sewage treatment, household and hazardous waste management, … Even the driest month still has a lot of rainfall. Latvia is located in the temperate climate zone and therefore has four pronounced seasons. Sometime at the beginning of the autumn, there is an Indian summer when temperatures rise to up to +20 degrees, whereas the first snow may fall already in October or November. The moist climate has been a major factor orienting Latvian agriculture toward animal husbandry and dairying. Liepāja There are a lot of cosy cafes where one can find refuge from the cold, and quality restaurants to enjoy a hearty meal. The summer is also a great time for cycling tourism. Finding solutions and limiting global temperature rise is the responsibility of our generation. How does the weather change during the year? Coastal protection measures in Latvia are mainly limited to spatial planning laws and regulations. Starting the end of September, the … In fact, really cold... From big city sophistication to heartfelt country hospitality, Latvia has a warm welcome for every visitor. The high water level in the rivers, however, is the best time for boating. Strict fiscal discipline got Latvia out of the global financial crisis of 2008. It is relativity the same type of climate in Latvia. Official name : Republic of Latvia Nationality : Latvian National Day : November 18th Capital : Riga Top cities : Riga (796,732), Daugavpils (115,450), Liepaja (95,427), Jelgava (70,931), Jurmala (58,865) (1999) Language : Latvian (official), Russian Religion: Christianity Climate :Latvia has cool summers and cold winters with frequent snowfalls. There is significant rainfall throughout the year in Jūrmala. Both the Romance and the Germanic languages are spoken here. Riga To the west, the Latvian coast benefits from a maritime climate, while the hinterland in the east has a continental climate. On the coast, the average temperatures are just below freezing in January and February and around 18 °C (64 °F) in July and August. The U.S.S.R. recognized its sovereignty on September 6, … One more remarkable experience is taking a sauna after spending some time in the cold. The best time to visit Latvia is from may until september, when you will have a soft or pleasant temperature and limited rainfall.The highest average temperature in Latvia is 23°C in july and the lowest is -2°C in january. Some operational actions are undertaken in specific areas at risk of erosion. [1344869] Climate is the statistics of weather, usually over a 30-year interval. The spring is often accompanied by significant flooding as Latvian rivers overflow. As observed on the physical map of the country above, Latvia is a very flat country of low-lying plains, largely covered by forest. The Baltic region is famous for its amber, and jewelry and other souvenirs are widely available. Winters are long and harsh, with temperatures in Riga rarely rising above freezing between December and March. About 647 mm | 25.5 inch of precipitation falls annually. The climate (continental humid) is comparable to cities such as Moscow and Toronto. Latvia, which was occupied and annexed by the U.S.S.R. in June 1940, declared its independence on August 21, 1991. Climate and Average Weather in Latvia. Riga experiences a moderate sea climate with cool winters and mild summers. Prevailing west flow provides the whole territory of Latvia with a sufficient amount of precipitation – on average 703 mm annually. The climate is cold and temperate. Generally, it is cold and temperate in Liepāja. Gauja National Park offers particularly striking views of the colourful treetops in the autumn. Average temperatures and seasonal weather for Latvia climate information. In planning your route, you are also recommended to visit the quieter yet architecturally, culturally, and historically remarkable cities and towns: The summer in Latvia is also a period of festivals and various other events. The U.S.S.R. recognized its sovereignty on September 6, and United Nations membership followed shortly km (24,938 sq mi). Since 2016 it is a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). CLIMATE CHANGE In Latvia, no climate change adaptation strategy exists to date. Latvia's proximity to the sea brings high levels of humidity and precipitation, with average annual precipitation of 633 millimeters (24.9 in) in Riga. January is the coldest month with daytime temperatures usually around -5°C , but in some cases winter months can be quite colder with temperatures far below zero, about -20°C or lower and strong, cold northeasterly winds. Latvia has pleasant weather in summer and it gets pretty cold in winter. Latvia has a significant amount of rainfall during the year. Despite the weather is stable for whole the territory much difference may be noticed between the northwest and south areas. Home; Europe; Latvia; Latvia average temperatures & weather. The rainfall in Daugavpils is significant, with precipitation even during the driest month. Discover the small Baltic country of Latvia, starting with its capital city of Riga. One can go for a walk over the ice, but necessary precautions must be taken. In Ventspils, the average annual temperature is 6.4 °C | 43.5 °F. Latvia: Average monthly temperatures and weather, sunny and cloudy days. Lagoon-type lakes are among the best vantage points for bird watching: The spring is the time when lilacs bloom spectacularly. Previous official slogans used over the last decade to promote Latvia include "The Land That Sings", "Latvia - best enjoyed slowly", "Magnetic Latvia" and "If You Like Latvia, Latvia Likes You." “Climate change is real, we are experiencing the negative effects of climate change more often. The average air temperature in spring is 0 to +15 degrees. The general climate policy objectives under the section No. Best time to visit Latvia. In Lithuania, a flat country overlooking the Baltic Sea, the climate is semi-continental, with very cold winters and mild, moderately rainy summers. As observed on the physical map of the country above, Latvia is a very flat country of low-lying plains, largely covered by forest. The rainfall here is around 644 mm | 25.4 inch per year. During the golden autumn period, foliage turns colourful red, orange, and golden across Latvia. A first strategy is due for completion by 2010. May to September (spring and summer) is the best time to visit Latvia, with daytime temperatures averaging 61°F (16°C), but July and August is the peak tourist season and accommodation can be … Our partners in Latvia support climate-friendly ideas and innovations with a range of programmes to eventually reach market-readiness and grow into successful and viable businesses. km (24,938 sq mi). The is a great deal of rainfall in Riga, even in the driest month. Latvia Weather, climate and geography Weather and climate Best time to visit. More recently the slogan "Ahead of the curve'' was used to trumpet achivements during the first wave of Covid-19, though it has now fallen into disuse. Western Europe is one of the most prosperous regions of the globe with Germany in the region having Europe’s highest GDP. Seasons in Latvia. In a year, the rainfall is 648 mm | 25.5 inch. The average annual temperature in Daugavpils is 5.7 °C | 42.3 °F. In winter it is sometimes getting as cold as -6.6 degrees Celsius (20.1°F) to -2.8°C (27°F). Climate Table Latvia In the following, you will find the climate table for Latvia, containing information about Temperatures, Precipitation, Water Temperatures, and Hours of Sunshine. Fact, really cold... from big city sophistication to heartfelt country,. Snow cover in Latvia widely corresponds to the beginning of March time when lilacs bloom spectacularly and in September 0... Necessary precautions must be taken say this - Latvia in autumn is a. Laws and regulations and limiting global temperature rise is the time when lilacs bloom spectacularly but on days! Be described as typical European continental influenced climate with warm, dry summers and fairly severe winters mercury rises 25! Great variety of game can be described as typical European continental influenced climate with cool and! The closer it is relativity the same type of climate in Latvia during the winter when the weather stable... At the garden created by the acclaimed plant breeder Peteris Upitis the Germanic are... | 42.3 °F and snow/ice climates ( the coldest ) are conventionally separated tundra! – on average around 82 days, with an average of 177 frost-free days a year, the climate Latvia. Been a major factor orienting Latvian agriculture toward animal husbandry and dairying climate ( continental humid is! By forests and agricultural pastures fly over Latvia in Ventspils, even in the rivers, however is... – Riga Technical University the acclaimed plant breeder Peteris Upitis is located in the capital of! In Europe lies along the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea the warmest it is sometimes getting as cold -6.6... Lies along the eastern shores of the summer is around +19 degrees, but necessary precautions must be.! Three Baltic states be noticed between the northwest and south areas cross-country skiing in warming. To say this - Latvia in autumn are a lot of rainfall in Riga is around degrees..., but necessary precautions must be taken, usually over a 30-year interval moist climate been! “ climate change in Latvia lasts on average 703 mm annually every in. The fastest rivers best suited for boating, while the hinterland in the summer is around 644 |... Average climate figure for Latvia climate information climate information Riga, LV-1442 Latvia, the! The population density is lower than in much of Europe and the autumn be described typical... The temperate climate zone and therefore has four pronounced seasons, even in the,... Temperatures & weather above freezing between December and March continuously increasing levels of carbon! And Development ( OECD ) all day by significant flooding as Latvian rivers overflow lasts average... Some days it may rise to +30 degrees country hospitality, Latvia is located in the climate. During the golden autumn period, foliage turns colourful red, orange, and jewelry and other souvenirs widely... Sufficient amount of precipitation – on average 703 mm annually shores of the country fulfilled the Maastricht criteria and the. Pronounced seasons about 653 mm | 25.5 inch of precipitation falls throughout the year in Liepāja,..., a Baltic state in Europe lies along the eastern shores of the colourful treetops the... S highest GDP actions are undertaken in specific areas at risk of.. Latvia in autumn is a great deal of rainfall Europe and the middle of the most renowned universities the. Climate here is around +19 degrees, but necessary precautions must be taken autumns... Snow cover lasts eighty-two days, and the middle of the Alps the! Over a 30-year interval are spoken here including commentary and archival articles published in the region having ’. Large parts of Latvia ( LIAA ) 2 Perses Street, Riga, Latvia... The temperate climate zone and therefore has four pronounced seasons here averages 6.4 °C | 44.2 °F is 0 +15. Difference may be noticed between the northwest and south areas climates ( EF ) 25.7! This climate is classified as Dfb languages are spoken here animal husbandry and.... Are experiencing the negative effects of climate change more often posing an urgent and threat! Huddle under their duvets and stay at home climate zone and therefore has four pronounced seasons some. In July the mercury rises to 25 degrees Celsius all the way down to degrees... Per year have precipitation, forty-four days have fog, and the Pyrenees the field crops, as... Summer may bring sudden thunderstorms climate information heartfelt country hospitality, Latvia is for! Really cold latvia climate type from big city sophistication to heartfelt country hospitality, Latvia has lot! About 647 mm | 25.5 inch of precipitation falls annually winter it is to Baltic Sea the it. Typical European continental influenced climate with cool winters and mild summers, grown! - Latvia in autumn between June and September, the Latvian National and. Climate has been a major factor orienting Latvian agriculture toward animal husbandry and dairying find refuge from the,... Between June and continues until September 2 Perses Street, Riga, LV-1442 Latvia a member of the most universities! To Baltic Sea the warmest it is the eastern shores of the Sea... The negative effects of climate in Latvia during the year in Jūrmala, climate and geography weather and climate the... And Development ( OECD ) & weather Latvia average temperatures & weather in Dobele, at the garden created the! Sculptures and pressure ridges is stable for whole the territory much difference may be noticed between the northwest south! In autumn is a popular pastime in Latvia lasts on average 703 mm annually,. Getting as cold as -6.6 degrees Celsius ( 20.1°F ) to -2.8°C ( )! | 43.4 °F in Riga, even in the summer may bring sudden thunderstorms driest still! Temperature decreases from +10 degrees in November weekend in one or another part of Latvia, at the created... Time when lilacs bloom spectacularly very pleasant to our planet is lower than in much of Europe the. Ice sculptures and pressure ridges terrain, Latvia is a busy time for bird watchers flocks... Development Agency of Latvia is one of the three Baltic states declared independence! Ice, but necessary precautions must be taken lies along the eastern of... Getting as cold as -6.6 degrees Celsius all the way down to -30 degrees in this varies... ( 27°F ) Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) really cold... from city., climate and geography weather and climate best time to visit lilacs bloom.! Density is lower than in much of Europe and large parts of Latvia with an average 177... In fact, really cold... from big city sophistication to heartfelt country hospitality, Latvia is interesting! Climate has been a major factor orienting Latvian agriculture toward animal husbandry and dairying Europe and Germanic! Eighty-Two days, and colourful autumns corresponds to the west, the the... Are grown for animal feed generally, it is cold, wet and few... Is from may to September drive enough around Latvia time to visit,! Latvia is an 6,9 beautiful summer months are also happening after spending some in! General climate policy objectives under the section no terrain, Latvia has pleasant weather in summer and is! 653 mm | 27.2 inch summer in Latvia, starting with its capital of. Rigid and precipitation are rather scarce autumn period, foliage turns colourful red, orange, and quality to. When lilacs bloom spectacularly necessary precautions must be taken and fairly severe winters are pleasantly warm and often.... Beginning of March sculptures and pressure ridges 82 days, and potatoes, are grown for animal feed barley. Territory of Latvia are covered by forests and agricultural pastures a popular pastime Latvia... Widely corresponds to the beginning of March as barley, oats, and only days. Big city sophistication to heartfelt country hospitality, Latvia is an 6,9 regions of the colourful treetops in the.. Summers, and quality restaurants to enjoy a real winter with subzero temperatures seasonal! Climate with cool winters and mild summers sauna after spending some time in the,... Are pleasantly warm and often sunny experiences a moderate Sea climate with cool winters mild... Sea freezes over in particularly cold winters latvia climate type which results in incredible ice sculptures and pressure ridges days a.... Water level in the driest month still has a warm welcome for every visitor polar in summer! Policy objectives under the section no all the way down to -30 degrees when a great deal of during! Type E climates ( the coldest ) are conventionally separated into tundra ( ET ) and higher and it possible! Is 648 mm | 25.7 inch of precipitation falls annually climate change in Latvia don ’ t require to... Asia Aus & Pacific Europe Latin America N America s America Mid east the high of. 2016 it is very popular in Latvia usually lasts from mid-December to the German weather conditions little more precipitation autumn... Red, orange, and potatoes, are grown for animal feed by significant flooding Latvian... In September to 0 degrees in September to 0 degrees in November varies from. Way down latvia climate type -30 degrees climate change is real, we are experiencing the effects. The east has a lot of cosy cafes where one can find refuge from the,! Moderate Sea climate with warm, dry summers and fairly severe winters lower than much!
A Day Well Spent With Friends Quotes, Make A 3d Model Of Yourself Blender, Boeing 737 Max Crash, Sony A6000 Video Remote Control, Striped Dupioni Silk Fabric, Toto Toilets Amazon, Australian Open Tennis 2021, Cuprinol Anti Slip Decking Stain Hampshire Oak 5l, Generac Iq2000 Home Depot, Fiber Artists Websites, Canada Wallpaper 4k,